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<big>This site provides comprehensive information about:
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<big>[https://www.kessler.co.uk James Kessler's] ''Private Client Taxation'' aims to set out a comprehensive discussion of private client taxation.  Discussion includes:
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# Taxation of foreign domiciliaries
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# Income Tax, CGT and IHT on individuals and trusts
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# Taxation of non-residents on UK income and assets
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# The territorial limits of UK tax (now based on residence, situs and source)
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# Taxation of UK residents on foreign income and assets
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# Other topics arising in this context, including tax avoidance, disclosure and compliance
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# Other topics arising in this context, including tax avoidance, and disclosure and compliance
+
  
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It is the online version of [https://www.kessler.co.uk/taxation-of-foreign-domiciliaries/ ''Taxation of Non-Residents and Foreign Domiciliaries''] by [https://www.kessler.co.uk James Kessler QC].   
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This is a wide subject, or set of subjects, but in taxation, as in life, everything is connected.
 +
 
 +
''PCT Online'' is the successor to ''Taxation of Non-Residents and Foreign Domiciliaries''. The reforms of the FA 2025, which one might summarise as the abolition of domicile, required a new title.  But the approach of this work is unaltered.
  
 
<div style="float: left; width: 33%">
 
<div style="float: left; width: 33%">
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<big>'''Contents'''</big>
 
<big>'''Contents'''</big>
  
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[[Update]]
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'''[[Update]]'''
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 +
:''[[Introduction]]''
  
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[[Introduction]]
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:''[[Dedication]]''
  
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''Non-dom policy & avoidance''
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Mobile Individuals Policy & Avoidance</span>'''''
  
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:1  [[Foreign Domicile: Tax Policy]]
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:1  [[Mobile Individuals: Tax Policy]]
  
 
:2  [[Tax Avoidance]]
 
:2  [[Tax Avoidance]]
  
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''Domicile & residence''
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:3  [[Targeted Anti-Avoidance Rules (TAARs)]]
  
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:3  [[Domicile]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Residence</span>'''''
  
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:4  [[Deemed Domicile]]
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:4  [[Residence of Individuals]]
  
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:5  [[Residence of Individuals]]
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:5  [[Residence of Trustees]]
  
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:6  [[Residence of Trustees]]
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:6  [[Residence of Companies]]
  
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:7  [[Residence of Companies]]
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:7  [[Treaty-Residence]]
  
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:8  [[Treaty-Residence]]
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:8  [[Split Years]]
  
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:9  [[Split Years: Arrival and Departure]]
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:9  [[Temporary Non-residence]]
  
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:10  [[Temporary Non-residence]]
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:10  [[Exit Taxes]]
  
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:11  [[Exit Taxes]]
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:11  [[UK Arrival or Departure: Tax Checklist]]
  
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:12  [[UK Arrival or Departure: Tax Checklist]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Income Tax: Principles</span>'''''
  
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''Income Tax: Principles & remittance basis''
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:12  [[Income and its Categorisation]]
  
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:13  [[Income Categorisation]]  
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:13  [[Source/Territorial Principles]]
  
 
:14  [[Income Recognition: Receive/Entitled/Arise/Paid]]
 
:14  [[Income Recognition: Receive/Entitled/Arise/Paid]]
  
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:15  [[Source/RFI/Territorial Principles]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">FIG Relief: TRF & Former Remittance Basis</span>'''''
  
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:16 [[The Remittance Basis]]
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:15 [[FIG Relief & Overseas Workday Relief]]
  
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:17  [[The Meaning of Remittance]]
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:16  [[Temporary Repatriation Facility]]
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 +
:17  [[The Remittance Basis]]
  
 
:18  [[Remittance Reliefs]]
 
:18  [[Remittance Reliefs]]
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:19  [[Mixed Funds]]
 
:19  [[Mixed Funds]]
  
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''Income by category''
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Income by Category</span>'''''
  
 
:20  [[Trading Income]]
 
:20  [[Trading Income]]
  
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:21 [[Trading in Land]]
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:21 [[Cessations & Trading Stock]]
  
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:22  [[Performers]]
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:22  [[Trading in Land]]
  
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:23  [[Property Income]]
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:23  [[Performers]]
  
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:24  [[Deduction of interest from Property Income]]
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:24  [[Property Income]]
  
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:25  [[Interest Income]]
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:25  [[Deduction of interest from Property Income]]
  
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:26  [[Exempt Interest of Non-Residents]]
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:26  [[Interest Income]]
  
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:27  [[Accrued Income Profits]]
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:27  [[Exempt Interest of Non-Residents]]
  
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:28  [[Deeply Discounted Securities]]
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:28  [[Accrued Income Profits]]
  
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:29  [[Dividend Income]]
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:29  [[Deeply Discounted Securities]]
  
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:30  [[Annual Payments]]
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:30  [[Dividend Income]]
  
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:31 [[Intellectual Property Income]]
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:31 [[Corporation Tax on Company Distributions]]  
  
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:32  [[Misc Sweep-Up Income]]
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:32  [[Annual Payments]]
  
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:33  [[Employment Income]]
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:33  [[Intellectual Property Income]]
  
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:34  [[Travel Expenses: Employment Income]]
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:34  [[Misc Sweep-Up Income]]
  
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:35  [[PAYE]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Employment Income</span>'''''
  
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:36 [[Employment Income: DT Relief]]
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:35 [[Employment Income]]
  
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:37 [[Pension and Annuity Income]]
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:36 [[Travel Expenses]]  
  
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''IT: General
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:37  [[PAYE]]
  
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:38  [[Discretionary Trusts: Income Tax]]
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:38  [[Disguised Remuneration/Trading Income]]
  
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:39  [[IIP Trusts: Income Tax]]
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:39  [[Employment Income: DT Relief]]
  
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:40  [[Rates of Income Tax/CGT]]
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:40  [[Benefit in Kind: Family Home and Chattels]]
  
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:41  [[Personal Allowances]]
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:41  [[Loans from Companies]]
  
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:42  [[Non-Resident Income Tax Relief]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">IT: General</span>'''''
  
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:43 [[National Insurance Contributions]]
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:42 [[Discretionary Trusts: Income Tax]]
  
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''IT avoidance codes''
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:43  [[IIP Trusts: Income Tax]]
  
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:44  [[Settlor-interested Trust Code]]
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:44  [[Rates of Income Tax/CGT/CT]]
  
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:45  [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Introduction]]
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:45  [[Personal Allowances]]
  
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:46  [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Transferors]]
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:46  [[Non-Resident Income Tax Relief]]
  
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:47  [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Benefits]]
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:47  [[National Insurance Contributions]]
  
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:48  [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Relief from Overlapping Charges]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">IT Avoidance Codes</span>'''''
  
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:49 [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Motive Defence]]
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:48 [[Settlor-interested Trust Code]]
  
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:50 [[Profit Fragmentation]]
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:49 [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Introduction]]
  
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:51 [[Transfer of Income Streams]]
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:50 [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Transferors]]
  
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:52 [[Transactions in Securities]]
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:51 [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Benefits]]
  
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''Capital Gains Tax''
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:52  [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Relief from Overlapping Charges]]
  
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:53  [[Chargeable Gains]]
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:53  [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Motive Defence]]
  
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:54  [[UK Property Held by Non-Residents]]
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:54  [[Pre-2025 Protected Trust Income]]
  
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:55  [[Residential Property: CGT]]
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:55  [[Profit Fragmentation]]
  
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:56  [[Gains of Non-Resident Settlor-Interested Trusts: s.86]]
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:56  [[Transfer of Income Streams]]
  
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:57  [[Capital Payments from Non-Resident Trusts: s.87]]
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:57  [[Transactions in Securities]]
  
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:58  [[Borrowing by Non-Resident Trust: Sch 4B]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Capital Gains Tax</span>'''''
  
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:59 [[Sub-Funds]]
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:58 [[Chargeable Gains]]
  
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:60 [[Gains of Non-Resident Companies]]
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:59 [[UK Property Held by Non-Residents]]
  
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:61  [[Capital Losses]]
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:60 [[Hold-over Relief]]
  
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''Funds''
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:61 [[Liquidation of Companies]]
  
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:62  [[Life Policies and Contracts]]
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:62  [[Reorganisations]]
  
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:63  [[Offshore Funds: Definitions]]
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:63  [[Residential Property: CGT]]
  
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:64  [[Offshore Income Gains]]
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:64  [[Gains of Non-Resident Settlor-Interested Trusts: s.86]]
  
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:65  [[Income from Offshore Funds]]
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:65  [[Capital Payments from Non-Resident Trusts: s.87 Code]]
  
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:66  [[Unit Trusts]]
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:66  [[Borrowing by Non-Resident Trust: Sch 4B]]
  
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:67  [[Intermediated Securities]]
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:67  [[Sub-Funds]]
  
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:68  [[Investment Manager Exemptions]]
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:68  [[Gains of Non-Resident Companies]]
  
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:69  [[Investment Management Fees & Carried Interest]]
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:69  [[Capital Losses]]
  
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''Inheritance Tax''
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Funds</span>'''''
  
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:70  [[IHT Terms and Concepts]]
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:70  [[Funds: Terms & Concepts]]
  
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:71  [[Excluded Property: Definition]]
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:71  [[Offshore Income Gains]]
  
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:72  [[Excluded Property Exemptions]]
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:72  [[Income from Offshore Funds]]
  
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:73  [[Wills and IOVs]]
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:73  [[Unit Trusts & Transparent Funds]]
  
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:74  [[Reservation of Benefit]]
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:74  [[Life Policies and Contracts]]
  
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:75  [[Inter-Trust Transfers: IHT]]
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:75  [[Intermediated Securities]]
  
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:76  [[IHT Deduction for Debts]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Investment Management</span>'''''
  
−
:77 [[IHT Close-Company Code]]
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:76 [[Investment Manager Exemptions]]
  
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:78 [[IHT Residential Property Code]]
+
:77 [[Carried Interest/Investment Management Fees: Introduction]]
  
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:79 [[Family Home and Chattels: Benefit in Kind Charges]]
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:78 [[Carried Interest]]
  
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:80 [[Pre-Owned Assets]]
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:79 [[Investment Management Fees]]
  
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:81  [[Loans from Non-Resident Companies]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Inheritance Tax</span>'''''
  
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''Entities''
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:80  [[IHT Terms and Concepts]]
  
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:82 [[Partnerships]]
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:81 [[Normal Expenditure Relief]]
  
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:83 [[Partnership Income: Attribution]]
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:82 [[Excluded Property: Definition]]
  
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:84 [[Estates of Deceased Persons: CGT]]
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:83 [[Excluded Property Exemptions]]
  
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:85 [[Estates of Deceased Persons: Income Tax]]
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:84 [[Wills and IOVs]]
  
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:86 [[Foreign Entities]]
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:85 [[Reservation of Benefit]]
  
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:87 [[Hybrid Entities]]
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:86 [[Inter-Trust Transfers: IHT]]
  
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''Concepts & topics affecting more than one tax''
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:87  [[IHT Treatment of Debts]]
  
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:88  [[Protected Trusts]]
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:88  [[IHT Close-Company Code]]
  
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:89  [[Non-Dom/Non-Resident Spouse]]
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:89  [[IHT Residential-Property Code]]
  
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:90  [[Joint Accounts]]
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:90  [[Pre-Owned Assets]]
  
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:91  [[Foreign Currency Issues]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Partnerships</span>'''''
  
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:92 [[Unremittable Assets]]
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:91 [[Partnerships]]
  
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:93 [[ATED and SDLT]]
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:92 [[Partnership Income: Allocation]]
  
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:94 [[Who is the Settlor?]]
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:93 [[Salaried Members Code]]
  
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:95 [[Multiple Settlors]]
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:94 [[Partnerships CGT]]
  
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:96  [[Statutory Tax Indemnities]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Entities</span>'''''
  
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:97 [[Situs of Assets for IHT]]
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:95 [[Settlement, Bare Trust, and Associated Terminology]]
  
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:98 [[Situs of Assets for CGT]]
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:96 [[Estates of Deceased Persons: CGT]]
  
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:99 [[Control Connected Close and Related Expressions]]
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:97 [[Estates of Deceased Persons: Income Tax]]
  
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:100 [[Participation and % interest tests]]
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:98  [[Foreign Entities]]
  
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:101 [[Permanent Establishment and Branch/Agency]]
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:99  [[Hybrid Entities]]
  
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:102  [[Post-Brexit EU Law]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Pensions & Employment Benefit Trusts</span>'''''
  
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:103 [[Double Taxation Arrangements: Introduction]]
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:100 [[Pension and Annuity Income]]
  
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:104 [[DTA Anti-abuse Rules]]
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:101 [[Employer-Financed Retirement Benefits Scheme]]
  
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:105 [[Limitation on Benefits]]
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:102 [[Pension IHT]]
  
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:106  [[Credit for Foreign Tax]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Topics Affecting More Than One Tax</span>'''''
  
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:107  [[Non-discrimination]]
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:103 [[Non-Resident Spouse]]
  
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''Double Taxation Agreements: IHT
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:104 [[Joint Accounts]]
  
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:108  [[IHT Double Taxation Treaties: Introduction]]
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:105 [[Foreign Currency Issues]]
  
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:109  [[IHT DTAs: India, Pakistan, Italy, France]]
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:106 [[Cryptoassets]]
  
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:110  [[IHT DTA: Netherlands]]
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:107 [[Unremittable Assets]]
  
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:111 [[IHT DTA: South Africa]]
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:108 [[ATED and SDLT]]
  
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:112 [[IHT DTA: Switzerland]]
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:109 [[Who is the Settlor?]]
  
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:113  [[IHT DTA: USA]]
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:110 [[Multiple Settlors]]
  
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:114  [[Credit for Foreign IHT]]
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:111 [[Statutory Tax Indemnities]]
  
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''Administration''
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:112 [[Situs of Assets for IHT]]
  
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:115 [[Reporting and Compliance]]
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:113 [[Situs of Assets for CGT]]
  
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:116 [[Tax Return Filing Position]]
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:114 [[Control Connected Close and Related Expressions]]
  
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:117 [[Claims]]
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:115 [[Participation, % Investment & Material Interest Tests]]
  
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:118 [[Collection of Tax from UK Representatives]]
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:116 [[Permanent Establishment]]
  
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:119 [[Reporting and Compliance: IHT]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Double Taxation Agreements: IT/CGT</span>'''''
  
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:120 [[Penalties]]
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:117 [[Double Taxation Arrangements: Introduction]]
  
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:121 [[Common Reporting Standard]]
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:118 [[DTA Anti-abuse Rules]]
  
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:122 [[Trust Registration]]
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:119 [[Third Party Relief/Savings Clause]]
  
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:123 [[Reporting Offshore Trusts]]  
+
:120 [[Limitation on Benefits]]
  
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:124 [[International Movement of Capital: Reports]]
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:121[[Credit for Foreign Tax]]
  
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:125 [[Money Laundering]]
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:122 [[Non-discrimination]]
  
 +
:123 [[Mutual Agreement Procedure]]
  
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''Appendices: Words & Concepts''
+
:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Double Taxation Agreements: IHT</span>'''''
 +
 
 +
:124 [[IHT Double Taxation Treaties: Introduction]]
 +
 
 +
:125 [[IHT DTAs: India, Pakistan, Italy, France]]
 +
 
 +
:126 [[IHT DTA: South Africa]]
 +
 
 +
:127 [[IHT DTA: USA]]
 +
 
 +
:128 [[IHT DTA: Netherlands]]
 +
 
 +
:129 [[IHT DTA: Switzerland]]
 +
 
 +
:130 [[Credit for Foreign IHT]]
 +
 
 +
:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Administration</span>'''''
 +
 
 +
:131 [[Reporting and Compliance]]
 +
 
 +
:132 [[Tax Return Filing Position]]
 +
 
 +
:133 [[Claims]]
 +
 
 +
:134 [[Collection of IT/CGT from UK Representatives]]
 +
 
 +
:135 [[Collection of Tax Across Borders]]
 +
 
 +
:136 [[Reporting and Compliance: IHT]]
 +
 
 +
:137 [[Penalties]]
 +
 
 +
:138 [[Failure to Prevent Tax Evasion]]
 +
 
 +
:139 [[Reporting Offshore Trusts]]
 +
 
 +
:140 [[International Movement of Capital: Reports]]
 +
 
 +
:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">CRS & Money Laundering</span>'''''
 +
 
 +
:141 [[Common Reporting Standard]]
 +
 
 +
:142 [[Trust Registration (TRS)]]
 +
 
 +
:143 [[Customer Due Diligence]]
 +
 
 +
:144 [[Money Laundering: POCA]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
:'''Appendices'''
 +
 
 +
:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Words & Concepts</span>'''''
  
 
:[[Appendix 1 Words of Dispute]]
 
:[[Appendix 1 Words of Dispute]]
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:[[Appendix 3 Family Terminology]]  
 
:[[Appendix 3 Family Terminology]]  
  
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:[[Appendix 4 Consideration/Arm's Length/Full Value]]
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:[[Appendix 4 Share/Security Terminology]]
 +
 
 +
:[[Appendix 5 Consideration, Arm's Length, Full Value]]
  
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:[[Appendix 5 Commercial/View to Profit]]
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:[[Appendix 6 Commercial/View to Profit]]
  
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:[[Appendix 6 What Do We Mean by "Real"]]
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:[[Appendix 7 Beneficial Ownership/Entitlement]]
  
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:[[Appendix 7 Deeming Provisions]]
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:[[Appendix 8 Domicile]]
  
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''Special taxpayers''
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Statutory Construction</span>'''''
  
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:[[Appendix 8 Parliamentarians]]
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:[[Appendix 9 Construction of Tax Statutes]]
  
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:[[Appendix 9 Visiting Forces]]
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:[[Appendix 10 Substance and Reality]]
  
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:[[Appendix 10 Students and Teachers]]
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:[[Appendix 11 Deeming Provisions]]
  
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''Tax reform''
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Special Taxpayers</span>'''''
  
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:[[Appendix 11 How to Improve Residence and Domicile Taxation]]
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:[[Appendix 12 Parliamentarians]]
  
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:[[Appendix 12 Reform of Offshore Anti-avoidance Law]]
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:[[Appendix 13 Visiting Forces]]
 +
 
 +
:[[Appendix 14 Diplomats]]
 +
 
 +
:[[Appendix 15 Sovereign Immunity]]
 +
 
 +
:[[Appendix 16 Students and Teachers]]
 +
 
 +
:[[Appendix 17 Continental Shelf]]
 +
 
 +
:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Tax Reform</span>'''''
 +
 
 +
:[[Appendix 18 How to Improve Private Client Taxation]]
 +
 
 +
:[[Appendix 19 Reform of Offshore Anti-Avoidance Law]]
 +
 
 +
:[[Appendix 20 Citizenship-based Taxation]]
 +
 
 +
:[[Appendix 21 The Wisdom of Parliament]]
  
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:[[Appendix 13 The Wisdom of Parliament]]
 
  
  
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<big>'''2021/22 edition'''</big>
+
<big>'''2026/27 edition'''</big>
  
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This site is in the process of being updated with the text of the 2021/22 edition of ''Taxation of Non-residents and Foreign Domiciliaries'' A paper version of the 2021/22 edition will be available in June.
+
----
  
−
To access TFD online, you will need an online licence. To obtain this, go to  
+
The 2026/27 edition of ''Kessler on Private Client Taxation'' is now online.  It has been substantially updated for the FA 2026 and other developments since last year, and online publication of chapters remaining to be updated will be phased in over the next few weeks.
−
[https://www.khpplc.co.uk/ the publishers website] or email [mailto:aw.[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20online [email protected]] 
+
  
−
Licences for the 2020/21 edition will cease to be valid on 6th April.
+
To access PCT online, you will need an online licence. To obtain this, go to
 +
[https://www.khpplc.co.uk/ the publishers website] or email [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20online [email protected]] Licences for previous editions are not valid for the current edition.
  
−
If you are an academic or other non-tax practitioner who wants access for research purposes, [mailto:kessler@kessler.co.uk?Subject=TFD%20online contact James Kessler]
+
If you are an academic, student or other non-tax practitioner who wants access for research purposes, [mailto:jkessler@15oldsquare.co.uk?Subject=TFD%20online contact James Kessler]
  
 
<big>'''How to login'''</big>
 
<big>'''How to login'''</big>
  
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Most of this site requires you [[Special:Userlogin|to login]].  To obtain a login licence:
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Most of this site requires you [[Special:Userlogin|to login]].  You may purchase a single or multiple user licence: To obtain these [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20contact%20publisher%20request%20multiple%20user%20licences contact the publishers].
  
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*** Every copy of the printed book has a 3 week trial licence (see inside back cover of volume 1)  To order copies of the book [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20enquiry email the publishers] or [http://khpplc.co.uk/ go to the publishers' website].
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** You may purchase a single or multiple user licence:  To obtain these [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20contact%20publisher%20request%20multiple%20user%20licences contact the publishers].
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*** Without logging in, you can access:
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[[Introduction]]<br/>Chapter 1 [[Mobile Individuals: Tax Policy]]<br/>Chapter 2 [[Tax Avoidance]]
−
:Chapter 1 [[Foreign Domicile: Tax Policy]]  
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−
:Chapter 2 [[Tax Avoidance]].
+
  
 
You enter this site once you have registered and [[Special:Userlogin| logged in]] by clicking on the index on the left, or you can search the text.
 
You enter this site once you have registered and [[Special:Userlogin| logged in]] by clicking on the index on the left, or you can search the text.
  
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You need to register for the current edition. Registration for an earlier edition will cease to be valid from 6th April.
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You need to register for the current edition. Registration for an earlier edition is no longer valid.
  
 
<big>'''Comments please'''</big>
 
<big>'''Comments please'''</big>
  
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Users can also [[contribute to the text]] and if you can add anything, or spot anything that needs to be corrected, please do!  A copy of the next edition of the book will be given to the user who makes the most edits.  User contributions are reviewed by [https://www.taxchambers.com/team/ross-birkbeck/ Ross Birkbeck].
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Users can also [[contribute to the text]] and if you can add anything, or spot anything that needs to be corrected, please do!  A free subscription to the next edition of this work will be given to the user who makes the most edits.  User contributions are reviewed by [https://www.taxchambers.com/team/rebecca-sheldon/ Rebecca Sheldon]. PCT online is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki Wiki] on the lines of [http://en.wikipedia.org Wikipedia], but only registered users can edit the text.
  
 
<big>'''If you want further advice'''</big>
 
<big>'''If you want further advice'''</big>
  
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If you do not find the answer to your question here, or if you want advice on which you can legally rely, you may instruct James Kessler QC or other members of his chambers to advise.  See [[How to instruct James Kessler QC]].
+
If you do not find the answer to your question here, or if you want advice on which you can legally rely, you may instruct James Kessler KC or other members of his chambers to advise.  See [[How to instruct James Kessler KC]].
  
−
<big>'''Archive editions'''</big>
+
<big>'''Old editions archive'''</big>
  
−
There are [[archive editions]] for years since 2003/04.  These will be useful to investigate the tax position in earlier years, but the current edition will generally be the best starting point, as that has been written in the light of current HMRC guidance, and further thought and research.
+
There are [[archive editions]] for years since 2003/04.  These will be useful to investigate the tax position in earlier years, but the current edition will generally be the best starting point, as that has been written in the light of current HMRC guidance, and further thought and research.  
  
 
<big>'''Contact '''</big>
 
<big>'''Contact '''</big>
Line 371: Line 443:
 
If you have technical problems, or problems logging in, [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20Technical%20query click here]
 
If you have technical problems, or problems logging in, [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20Technical%20query click here]
  
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To contact James Kessler QC [mailto:kessler@kessler.co.uk?Subject=TFD%20online click here]
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To contact James Kessler KC [mailto:jkessler@15oldsquare.co.uk?Subject=TFD%20online click here]
  
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To contact Ross Birkbeck, who reviews online contributions, [mailto:rossbirkbeck@15oldsquare.co.uk?Subject=TFD%20contact%20moderator%20request click here]
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To contact Rebecca Sheldon, who reviews online contributions, [mailto:RebeccaSheldon@15oldsquare.co.uk?Subject=TFD%20contact%20moderator%20request click here]
  
 
For multiple user licences, or to install on a firm's intranet, [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20contact%20publisher%20request%20multiple%20user%20licences contact the publishers].
 
For multiple user licences, or to install on a firm's intranet, [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20contact%20publisher%20request%20multiple%20user%20licences contact the publishers].
  
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<big>'''Technical notes'''</big>
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<big>'''Resource Archive'''</big>  
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TFD online is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki Wiki] on the lines of [http://en.wikipedia.org Wikipedia], but only registered users can edit the text.
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To access material referenced in PCT, click here: [[PCT Resource Archive]]

Latest revision as of 14:41, 20 April 2026

James Kessler's Private Client Taxation aims to set out a comprehensive discussion of private client taxation. Discussion includes:

  1. Income Tax, CGT and IHT on individuals and trusts
  2. The territorial limits of UK tax (now based on residence, situs and source)
  3. Other topics arising in this context, including tax avoidance, disclosure and compliance

This is a wide subject, or set of subjects, but in taxation, as in life, everything is connected.

PCT Online is the successor to Taxation of Non-Residents and Foreign Domiciliaries. The reforms of the FA 2025, which one might summarise as the abolition of domicile, required a new title. But the approach of this work is unaltered.

Contents

Update

Introduction
Dedication
Mobile Individuals Policy & Avoidance
1 Mobile Individuals: Tax Policy
2 Tax Avoidance
3 Targeted Anti-Avoidance Rules (TAARs)
Residence
4 Residence of Individuals
5 Residence of Trustees
6 Residence of Companies
7 Treaty-Residence
8 Split Years
9 Temporary Non-residence
10 Exit Taxes
11 UK Arrival or Departure: Tax Checklist
Income Tax: Principles
12 Income and its Categorisation
13 Source/Territorial Principles
14 Income Recognition: Receive/Entitled/Arise/Paid
FIG Relief: TRF & Former Remittance Basis
15 FIG Relief & Overseas Workday Relief
16 Temporary Repatriation Facility
17 The Remittance Basis
18 Remittance Reliefs
19 Mixed Funds
Income by Category
20 Trading Income
21 Cessations & Trading Stock
22 Trading in Land
23 Performers
24 Property Income
25 Deduction of interest from Property Income
26 Interest Income
27 Exempt Interest of Non-Residents
28 Accrued Income Profits
29 Deeply Discounted Securities
30 Dividend Income
31 Corporation Tax on Company Distributions
32 Annual Payments
33 Intellectual Property Income
34 Misc Sweep-Up Income
Employment Income
35 Employment Income
36 Travel Expenses
37 PAYE
38 Disguised Remuneration/Trading Income
39 Employment Income: DT Relief
40 Benefit in Kind: Family Home and Chattels
41 Loans from Companies
IT: General
42 Discretionary Trusts: Income Tax
43 IIP Trusts: Income Tax
44 Rates of Income Tax/CGT/CT
45 Personal Allowances
46 Non-Resident Income Tax Relief
47 National Insurance Contributions
IT Avoidance Codes
48 Settlor-interested Trust Code
49 Transfer of Assets Abroad: Introduction
50 Transfer of Assets Abroad: Transferors
51 Transfer of Assets Abroad: Benefits
52 Transfer of Assets Abroad: Relief from Overlapping Charges
53 Transfer of Assets Abroad: Motive Defence
54 Pre-2025 Protected Trust Income
55 Profit Fragmentation
56 Transfer of Income Streams
57 Transactions in Securities
Capital Gains Tax
58 Chargeable Gains
59 UK Property Held by Non-Residents
60 Hold-over Relief
61 Liquidation of Companies
62 Reorganisations
63 Residential Property: CGT
64 Gains of Non-Resident Settlor-Interested Trusts: s.86
65 Capital Payments from Non-Resident Trusts: s.87 Code
66 Borrowing by Non-Resident Trust: Sch 4B
67 Sub-Funds
68 Gains of Non-Resident Companies
69 Capital Losses
Funds
70 Funds: Terms & Concepts
71 Offshore Income Gains
72 Income from Offshore Funds
73 Unit Trusts & Transparent Funds
74 Life Policies and Contracts
75 Intermediated Securities
Investment Management
76 Investment Manager Exemptions
77 Carried Interest/Investment Management Fees: Introduction
78 Carried Interest
79 Investment Management Fees
Inheritance Tax
80 IHT Terms and Concepts
81 Normal Expenditure Relief
82 Excluded Property: Definition
83 Excluded Property Exemptions
84 Wills and IOVs
85 Reservation of Benefit
86 Inter-Trust Transfers: IHT
87 IHT Treatment of Debts
88 IHT Close-Company Code
89 IHT Residential-Property Code
90 Pre-Owned Assets
Partnerships
91 Partnerships
92 Partnership Income: Allocation
93 Salaried Members Code
94 Partnerships CGT
Entities
95 Settlement, Bare Trust, and Associated Terminology
96 Estates of Deceased Persons: CGT
97 Estates of Deceased Persons: Income Tax
98 Foreign Entities
99 Hybrid Entities
Pensions & Employment Benefit Trusts
100 Pension and Annuity Income
101 Employer-Financed Retirement Benefits Scheme
102 Pension IHT
Topics Affecting More Than One Tax
103 Non-Resident Spouse
104 Joint Accounts
105 Foreign Currency Issues
106 Cryptoassets
107 Unremittable Assets
108 ATED and SDLT
109 Who is the Settlor?
110 Multiple Settlors
111 Statutory Tax Indemnities
112 Situs of Assets for IHT
113 Situs of Assets for CGT
114 Control Connected Close and Related Expressions
115 Participation, % Investment & Material Interest Tests
116 Permanent Establishment
Double Taxation Agreements: IT/CGT
117 Double Taxation Arrangements: Introduction
118 DTA Anti-abuse Rules
119 Third Party Relief/Savings Clause
120 Limitation on Benefits
121Credit for Foreign Tax
122 Non-discrimination
123 Mutual Agreement Procedure
Double Taxation Agreements: IHT
124 IHT Double Taxation Treaties: Introduction
125 IHT DTAs: India, Pakistan, Italy, France
126 IHT DTA: South Africa
127 IHT DTA: USA
128 IHT DTA: Netherlands
129 IHT DTA: Switzerland
130 Credit for Foreign IHT
Administration
131 Reporting and Compliance
132 Tax Return Filing Position
133 Claims
134 Collection of IT/CGT from UK Representatives
135 Collection of Tax Across Borders
136 Reporting and Compliance: IHT
137 Penalties
138 Failure to Prevent Tax Evasion
139 Reporting Offshore Trusts
140 International Movement of Capital: Reports
CRS & Money Laundering
141 Common Reporting Standard
142 Trust Registration (TRS)
143 Customer Due Diligence
144 Money Laundering: POCA


Appendices
Words & Concepts
Appendix 1 Words of Dispute
Appendix 2 Common Legal Expressions
Appendix 3 Family Terminology
Appendix 4 Share/Security Terminology
Appendix 5 Consideration, Arm's Length, Full Value
Appendix 6 Commercial/View to Profit
Appendix 7 Beneficial Ownership/Entitlement
Appendix 8 Domicile
Statutory Construction
Appendix 9 Construction of Tax Statutes
Appendix 10 Substance and Reality
Appendix 11 Deeming Provisions
Special Taxpayers
Appendix 12 Parliamentarians
Appendix 13 Visiting Forces
Appendix 14 Diplomats
Appendix 15 Sovereign Immunity
Appendix 16 Students and Teachers
Appendix 17 Continental Shelf
Tax Reform
Appendix 18 How to Improve Private Client Taxation
Appendix 19 Reform of Offshore Anti-Avoidance Law
Appendix 20 Citizenship-based Taxation
Appendix 21 The Wisdom of Parliament



2026/27 edition

The 2026/27 edition of Kessler on Private Client Taxation is now online. It has been substantially updated for the FA 2026 and other developments since last year, and online publication of chapters remaining to be updated will be phased in over the next few weeks.

To access PCT online, you will need an online licence. To obtain this, go to the publishers website or email [email protected] Licences for previous editions are not valid for the current edition.

If you are an academic, student or other non-tax practitioner who wants access for research purposes, contact James Kessler

How to login

Most of this site requires you to login. You may purchase a single or multiple user licence: To obtain these contact the publishers.

Without logging in, you can access:

Introduction
Chapter 1 Mobile Individuals: Tax Policy
Chapter 2 Tax Avoidance

You enter this site once you have registered and logged in by clicking on the index on the left, or you can search the text.

You need to register for the current edition. Registration for an earlier edition is no longer valid.

Comments please

Users can also contribute to the text and if you can add anything, or spot anything that needs to be corrected, please do! A free subscription to the next edition of this work will be given to the user who makes the most edits. User contributions are reviewed by Rebecca Sheldon. PCT online is a Wiki on the lines of Wikipedia, but only registered users can edit the text.

If you want further advice

If you do not find the answer to your question here, or if you want advice on which you can legally rely, you may instruct James Kessler KC or other members of his chambers to advise. See How to instruct James Kessler KC.

Old editions archive

There are archive editions for years since 2003/04. These will be useful to investigate the tax position in earlier years, but the current edition will generally be the best starting point, as that has been written in the light of current HMRC guidance, and further thought and research.

Contact

If you have technical problems, or problems logging in, click here

To contact James Kessler KC click here

To contact Rebecca Sheldon, who reviews online contributions, click here

For multiple user licences, or to install on a firm's intranet, contact the publishers.

Resource Archive

To access material referenced in PCT, click here: PCT Resource Archive

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