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<big>This site provides comprehensive information about:
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<big>[https://www.kessler.co.uk James Kessler's] ''Private Client Taxation'' aims to set out a comprehensive discussion of private client taxation.  Discussion includes:
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# Taxation of foreign domiciliaries
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# Income Tax, CGT and IHT on individuals and trusts
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# Taxation of non-residents on UK income and assets
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# The territorial limits of UK tax (now based on residence, situs and source)
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# Taxation of UK residents on foreign income and assets
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# Other topics arising in this context, including tax avoidance, disclosure and compliance
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# Other topics arising in this context, including tax avoidance, and disclosure and compliance
+
  
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It is the online version of [https://www.kessler.co.uk/taxation-of-foreign-domiciliaries/ ''Taxation of Non-Residents and Foreign Domiciliaries''] by [https://www.kessler.co.uk James Kessler KC].
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This is a wide subject, or set of subjects, but in taxation, as in life, everything is connected.
  
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<div style="float: left; width: 33%">
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''PCT Online'' is the successor to ''Taxation of Non-Residents and Foreign Domiciliaries''.  The reforms of the FA 2025, which one might summarise as the abolition of domicile, required a new title.  But the approach of this work is unaltered.
  
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<div style="float: left; width: 33%">
  
 
<big>'''Contents'''</big>
 
<big>'''Contents'''</big>
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:[[Introduction]]
 
:[[Introduction]]
  
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:A1  [[FIG Relief/Abolition of Domicile]]
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:[[Dedication]]
  
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:'''''<span style="font-size:106%"><span style="color:navy">Non-dom Policy & Avoidance</span></span>'''''
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Mobile Individuals Policy & Avoidance</span>'''''
  
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:1  [[Foreign Domicile: Tax Policy]]
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:1  [[Mobile Individuals: Tax Policy]]
  
 
:2  [[Tax Avoidance]]
 
:2  [[Tax Avoidance]]
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:3  [[Targeted Anti-Avoidance Rules (TAARs)]]
 
:3  [[Targeted Anti-Avoidance Rules (TAARs)]]
  
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:'''''<span style="color:navy">Domicile & Residence</span>'''''
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Residence</span>'''''
  
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:4  [[Domicile]]  
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:4  [[Residence of Individuals]]
  
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:5  [[Deemed Domicile]]
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:5  [[Residence of Trustees]]
  
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:6  [[Residence of Individuals]]
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:6  [[Residence of Companies]]
  
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:7  [[Residence of Trustees]]
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:7  [[Treaty-Residence]]
  
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:8  [[Residence of Companies]]
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:8  [[Split Years]]
  
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:9  [[Treaty-Residence]]
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:9  [[Temporary Non-residence]]
  
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:10   [[Split Years]]
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:10 [[Exit Taxes]]
  
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:11  [[Temporary Non-residence]]
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:11  [[UK Arrival or Departure: Tax Checklist]]
  
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:12  [[Exit Taxes]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Income Tax: Principles</span>'''''
  
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:13 [[UK Arrival or Departure: Tax Checklist]]
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:12 [[Income and its Categorisation]]
  
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:'''''<span style="color:navy">Income Tax: Principles & Remittance Basis</span>'''''
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:13  [[Source/Territorial Principles]]
  
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:14  [[Income and its Categorisation]]  
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:14  [[Income Recognition: Receive/Entitled/Arise/Paid]]
  
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:15  [[Income Recognition: Receive/Entitled/Arise/Paid]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">FIG Relief: TRF & Former Remittance Basis</span>'''''
  
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:16  [[Source/RFI/Territorial Principles]]  
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:15  [[FIG Relief & Overseas Workday Relief]]
 +
 
 +
:16  [[Temporary Repatriation Facility]]
  
 
:17  [[The Remittance Basis]]
 
:17  [[The Remittance Basis]]
  
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:18  [[The Meaning of Remittance]]
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:18  [[Remittance Reliefs]]
  
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:19  [[Remittance Reliefs]]
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:19  [[Mixed Funds]]
  
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:20  [[Mixed Funds]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Income by Category</span>'''''
  
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:'''''<span style="color:navy">Income by Category</span>'''''
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:20  [[Trading Income]]
  
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:21 [[Trading Income]]
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:21 [[Cessations & Trading Stock]]
  
 
:22  [[Trading in Land]]
 
:22  [[Trading in Land]]
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:30  [[Dividend Income]]
 
:30  [[Dividend Income]]
  
−
:31  [[Annual Payments]]
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:31  [[Corporation Tax on Company Distributions]]  
  
−
:32  [[Intellectual Property Income]]
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:32  [[Annual Payments]]
  
−
:33  [[Misc Sweep-Up Income]]
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:33  [[Intellectual Property Income]]
  
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:34  [[Employment Income]]
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:34  [[Misc Sweep-Up Income]]
  
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:35  [[Travel Expenses: Employment Income]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Employment Income</span>'''''
  
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:36 [[PAYE]]
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:35 [[Employment Income]]
  
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:37 [[Employment Income: DT Relief]]
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:36 [[Travel Expenses]]  
  
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:38 [[Pension and Annuity Income]]
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:37 [[PAYE]]
  
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:39 [[Benefit in Kind: Family Home and Chattels]]
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:38 [[Disguised Remuneration/Trading Income]]
  
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:40 [[Benefit in Kind: Loans from Non-Resident Companies]]
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:39 [[Employment Income: DT Relief]]
  
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:'''''<span style="color:navy">IT: General</span>'''''
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:40  [[Benefit in Kind: Family Home and Chattels]]
  
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:41  [[Discretionary Trusts: Income Tax]]
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:41  [[Loans from Companies]]
  
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:42  [[IIP Trusts: Income Tax]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">IT: General</span>'''''
  
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:43 [[Rates of Income Tax/CGT]]
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:42 [[Discretionary Trusts: Income Tax]]
  
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:44 [[Personal Allowances]]
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:43 [[IIP Trusts: Income Tax]]
  
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:45 [[Non-Residents Income Tax Relief]]
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:44 [[Rates of Income Tax/CGT/CT]]
  
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:46 [[National Insurance Contributions]]
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:45 [[Personal Allowances]]
  
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:'''''<span style="color:navy">IT Avoidance Codes</span>'''''
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:46  [[Non-Resident Income Tax Relief]]
  
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:47  [[Settlor-interested Trust Code]]
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:47  [[National Insurance Contributions]]
  
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:48  [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Introduction]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">IT Avoidance Codes</span>'''''
  
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:49 [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Transferors]]
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:48 [[Settlor-interested Trust Code]]
  
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:50 [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Benefits]]
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:49 [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Introduction]]
  
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:51 [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Relief from Overlapping Charges]]
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:50 [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Transferors]]
  
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:52 [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Motive Defence]]
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:51 [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Benefits]]
  
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:53 [[Profit Fragmentation]]
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:52 [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Relief from Overlapping Charges]]
  
−
:54 [[Transfer of Income Streams]]
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:53 [[Transfer of Assets Abroad: Motive Defence]]
  
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:55 [[Transactions in Securities]]
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:54 [[Pre-2025 Protected Trust Income]]
  
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:'''''<span style="color:navy">Capital Gains Tax</span>'''''
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:55  [[Profit Fragmentation]]
  
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:56  [[Chargeable Gains]]
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:56  [[Transfer of Income Streams]]
  
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:57  [[UK Property Held by Non-Residents]]
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:57  [[Transactions in Securities]]
  
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:58 [[Reorganisations]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Capital Gains Tax</span>'''''
  
−
:59 [[Residential Property: CGT]]
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:58 [[Chargeable Gains]]
  
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:60 [[Gains of Non-Resident Settlor-Interested Trusts: s.86]]
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:59 [[UK Property Held by Non-Residents]]
  
−
:61  [[Capital Payments from Non-Resident Trusts: s.87 Code]]
+
:60 [[Hold-over Relief]]
  
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:62  [[Borrowing by Non-Resident Trust: Sch 4B]]
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:61 [[Liquidation of Companies]]
  
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:63 [[Sub-Funds]]
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:62 [[Reorganisations]]
  
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:64 [[Gains of Non-Resident Companies]]
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:63 [[Residential Property: CGT]]
  
−
:65 [[Capital Losses]]
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:64 [[Gains of Non-Resident Settlor-Interested Trusts: s.86]]
  
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:'''''<span style="color:navy">Funds</span>'''''
+
:65  [[Capital Payments from Non-Resident Trusts: s.87 Code]]
  
−
:66  [[Funds: Terms & Concepts]]
+
:66  [[Borrowing by Non-Resident Trust: Sch 4B]]
  
−
:67  [[Offshore Income Gains]]
+
:67  [[Sub-Funds]]
  
−
:68  [[Income from Offshore Funds]]
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:68  [[Gains of Non-Resident Companies]]
  
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:69  [[Unit Trusts]]
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:69  [[Capital Losses]]
  
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:70  [[Life Policies and Contracts]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Funds</span>'''''
  
−
:71 [[Intermediated Securities]]
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:70 [[Funds: Terms & Concepts]]
  
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:72 [[Investment Manager Exemptions]]
+
:71 [[Offshore Income Gains]]
  
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:73 [[Investment Management Fees & Carried Interest]]
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:72 [[Income from Offshore Funds]]
  
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:'''''<span style="color:navy">Inheritance Tax</span>'''''
+
:73  [[Unit Trusts & Transparent Funds]]
  
−
:74  [[IHT Terms and Concepts]]
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:74  [[Life Policies and Contracts]]
  
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:75  [[Excluded Property: Definition]]
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:75  [[Intermediated Securities]]
  
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:76  [[Excluded Property Exemptions]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Investment Management</span>'''''
  
−
:77 [[Wills and IOVs]]
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:76 [[Investment Manager Exemptions]]
  
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:78 [[Reservation of Benefit]]
+
:77 [[Carried Interest/Investment Management Fees: Introduction]]
  
−
:79 [[Inter-Trust Transfers: IHT]]
+
:78 [[Carried Interest]]
  
−
:80 [[IHT Deduction for Debts]]
+
:79 [[Investment Management Fees]]
  
−
:81  [[IHT Close-Company Code]]
+
:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Inheritance Tax</span>'''''
  
−
:82 [[IHT Residential Property Code]]
+
:80 [[IHT Terms and Concepts]]
  
−
:83 [[Pre-Owned Assets]]
+
:81 [[Normal Expenditure Relief]]
  
−
:84 [[Pension Schemes and IHT]]
+
:82 [[Excluded Property: Definition]]
  
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:'''''<span style="color:navy">Entities</span>'''''
+
:83  [[Excluded Property Exemptions]]
  
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:85 [[Partnerships]]
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:84 [[Wills and IOVs]]
  
−
:86 [[Partnership Income: Attribution]]
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:85 [[Reservation of Benefit]]
  
−
:87 [[Settlement, Bare Trust, and Associated Terminology]]
+
:86 [[Inter-Trust Transfers: IHT]]
  
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:88 [[Estates of Deceased Persons: CGT]]
+
:87 [[IHT Treatment of Debts]]
  
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:89 [[Estates of Deceased Persons: Income Tax]]
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:88 [[IHT Close-Company Code]]
  
−
:90 [[Foreign Entities]]
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:89 [[IHT Residential-Property Code]]
  
−
:91 [[Hybrid Entities]]
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:90 [[Pre-Owned Assets]]
  
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:'''''<span style="color:navy">Topics Affecting More Than One Tax</span>'''''
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Partnerships</span>'''''
  
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:92 [[Protected Trusts]]
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:91 [[Partnerships]]
  
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:93 [[Non-Dom/Non-Resident Spouse]]
+
:92 [[Partnership Income: Allocation]]
  
−
:94 [[Joint Accounts]]
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:93 [[Salaried Members Code]]
  
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:95 [[Foreign Currency Issues]]
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:94 [[Partnerships CGT]]
  
−
:96 [[Cryptoassets]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Entities</span>'''''
  
−
:97 [[Unremittable Assets]]
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:95 [[Settlement, Bare Trust, and Associated Terminology]]
  
−
:98 [[ATED and SDLT]]
+
:96 [[Estates of Deceased Persons: CGT]]
  
−
:99 [[Who is the Settlor?]]
+
:97 [[Estates of Deceased Persons: Income Tax]]
  
−
:100 [[Multiple Settlors]]
+
:98 [[Foreign Entities]]
  
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:101 [[Statutory Tax Indemnities]]
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:99 [[Hybrid Entities]]
  
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:102  [[Situs of Assets for IHT]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Pensions & Employment Benefit Trusts</span>'''''
  
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:103 [[Situs of Assets for CGT]]
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:100  [[Pension and Annuity Income]]
  
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:104 [[Control Connected Close and Related Expressions]]
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:101  [[Employer-Financed Retirement Benefits Scheme]]
  
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:105 [[Participation & % Investment Tests]]
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:102  [[Pension IHT]]
  
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:106 [[Permanent Establishment and Branch/Agency]]
+
:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Topics affecting more than one tax</span>'''''
  
−
:'''''<span style="color:navy">Double Taxation Agreements IT/CGT</span>'''''
+
:103 [[Non-Resident Spouse]]
  
−
:107 [[Double Taxation Arrangements: Introduction]]
+
:104 [[Joint Accounts]]
  
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:108 [[DTA Anti-abuse Rules]]
+
:105 [[Foreign Currency Issues]]
  
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:109 [[Third Party Relief/Savings Clause]]
+
:106 [[Cryptoassets]]
  
−
:110 [[Limitation on Benefits]]
+
:107 [[Unremittable Assets]]
  
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:111 [[Credit for Foreign Tax]]
+
:108 [[ATED and SDLT]]
  
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:112 [[Non-discrimination]]
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:109 [[Who is the Settlor?]]
  
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:113 [[Mutual Agreement Procedure]]  
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:110 [[Multiple Settlors]]
  
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:'''''<span style="color:navy">Double Taxation Agreements: IHT</span>'''''
+
:111 [[Statutory Tax Indemnities]]
  
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:114 [[IHT Double Taxation Treaties: Introduction]]
+
:112 [[Situs of Assets for IHT]]
  
−
:115 [[IHT DTAs: India, Pakistan, Italy, France]]
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:113 [[Situs of Assets for CGT]]
  
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:116 [[IHT DTA: Netherlands]]
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:114 [[Control Connected Close and Related Expressions]]
  
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:117 [[IHT DTA: South Africa]]
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:115 [[Participation, % Investment & Material Interest Tests]]
  
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:118 [[IHT DTA: Switzerland]]
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:116 [[Permanent Establishment]]
  
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:119 [[IHT DTA: USA]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Double Taxation Agreements: IT/CGT</span>'''''
  
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:120 [[Credit for Foreign IHT]]
+
:117 [[Double Taxation Arrangements: Introduction]]
  
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:'''''<span style="color:navy">Administration</span>'''''
+
:118 [[DTA Anti-abuse Rules]]
  
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:121 [[Reporting and Compliance]]
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:119 [[Third Party Relief/Savings Clause]]
  
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:122 [[Tax Return Filing Position]]
+
:120 [[Limitation on Benefits]]
  
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:123 [[Claims]]
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:121[[Credit for Foreign Tax]]
  
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:124 [[Collection of IT/CGT from UK Representatives]]
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:122 [[Non-discrimination]]
  
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:125 [[Reporting and Compliance: IHT]]
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:123 [[Mutual Agreement Procedure]]
  
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:126 [[Penalties]]
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:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Double Taxation Agreements: IHT</span>'''''
  
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:127 [[Failure to Prevent Tax Evasion]]
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:124 [[IHT Double Taxation Treaties: Introduction]]
  
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:128 [[Common Reporting Standard]]
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:125 [[IHT DTAs: India, Pakistan, Italy, France]]
  
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:129 [[Trust Registration (TRS)]]
+
:126 [[IHT DTA: South Africa]]
  
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:130 [[Customer Due Diligence]]
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:127 [[IHT DTA: USA]]
  
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:131 [[Reporting Offshore Trusts]]  
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:128 [[IHT DTA: Netherlands]]
  
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:132 [[International Movement of Capital: Reports]]
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:129 [[IHT DTA: Switzerland]]
 +
 
 +
:130 [[Credit for Foreign IHT]]
 +
 
 +
:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Administration</span>'''''
 +
 
 +
:131 [[Reporting and Compliance]]
 +
 
 +
:132 [[Tax Return Filing Position]]
 +
 
 +
:133 [[Claims]]
 +
 
 +
:134 [[Collection of IT/CGT from UK Representatives]]
 +
 
 +
:135 [[Collection of Tax Across Borders]]
 +
 
 +
:136 [[Reporting and Compliance: IHT]]
 +
 
 +
:137 [[Penalties]]
 +
 
 +
:138 [[Failure to Prevent Tax Evasion]]
 +
 
 +
:139 [[Reporting Offshore Trusts]]
 +
 
 +
:140 [[International Movement of Capital: Reports]]
 +
 
 +
:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">CRS & Money Laundering</span>'''''
 +
 
 +
:141 [[Common Reporting Standard]]
 +
 
 +
:142 [[Trust Registration (TRS)]]
 +
 
 +
:143 [[Customer Due Diligence]]
 +
 
 +
:144 [[Money Laundering: POCA]]
  
−
:133 [[Money Laundering: POCA]]
 
  
  
 
:'''<big>Appendices</big>'''
 
:'''<big>Appendices</big>'''
  
−
:'''''<span style="color:navy">Words & Concepts</span>'''''
+
:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Words & Concepts</span>'''''
  
 
:[[Appendix 1 Words of Dispute]]
 
:[[Appendix 1 Words of Dispute]]
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:[[Appendix 3 Family Terminology]]  
 
:[[Appendix 3 Family Terminology]]  
  
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:[[Appendix 4 Consideration/Arm's Length/Full Value]]
+
:[[Appendix 4 Share/Security Terminology]]
 +
 
 +
:[[Appendix 5 Consideration, Arm's Length, Full Value]]
  
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:[[Appendix 5 Commercial/View to Profit]]
+
:[[Appendix 6 Commercial/View to Profit]]
  
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:[[Appendix 6 Beneficial Ownership/Entitlement]]
+
:[[Appendix 7 Beneficial Ownership/Entitlement]]
  
−
:[[Appendix 7 What Do We Mean by "Real"]]
+
:[[Appendix 8 Domicile]]
  
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:'''''<span style="color:navy">Construction of Statutes</span>'''''
+
:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Statutory Construction</span>'''''
  
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:[[Appendix 8 Deeming Provisions]]
+
:[[Appendix 9 Construction of Tax Statutes]]
  
−
:[[Appendix 9 Purpose of Statute]]
+
:[[Appendix 10 Substance and Reality]]
  
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:'''''<span style="color:navy">Special Taxpayers</span>'''''
+
:[[Appendix 11 Deeming Provisions]]
  
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:[[Appendix 10 Parliamentarians]]
+
:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Special Taxpayers</span>'''''
  
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:[[Appendix 11 Visiting Forces]]
+
:[[Appendix 12 Parliamentarians]]
  
−
:[[Appendix 12 Students and Teachers]]
+
:[[Appendix 13 Visiting Forces]]
  
−
:'''''<span style="color:navy">Tax Reform</span>'''''
+
:[[Appendix 14 Diplomats]]
  
−
:[[Appendix 13 How to Improve Residence and Domicile Taxation]]
+
:[[Appendix 15 Sovereign Immunity]]
  
−
:[[Appendix 14 Reform of Offshore Anti-avoidance Law]]
+
:[[Appendix 16 Students and Teachers]]
  
−
:[[Appendix 15 Citizenship-based Taxation]]
+
:[[Appendix 17 Continental Shelf]]
 +
 
 +
:'''''<span style="font-size:87%">Tax Reform</span>'''''
 +
 
 +
:[[Appendix 18 How to Improve Private Client Taxation]]
 +
 
 +
:[[Appendix 19 Reform of Offshore Anti-Avoidance Law]]
 +
 
 +
:[[Appendix 20 Citizenship-based Taxation]]
 +
 
 +
:[[Appendix 21 The Wisdom of Parliament]]
  
−
:[[Appendix 16 The Wisdom of Parliament]]
 
  
  
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<big>'''2024/25 edition'''</big>
+
<big>'''2026/27 edition'''</big>
  
−
The 2024/25 edition of ''Taxation of Non-Residents and Foreign Domiciliaries'' is available online.  the paper form will follow in June.
+
The 2026/27 edition of ''Kessler on Private Client Taxation'' is now online.  It has been substantially updated for the FA 2026 and other developments since last year, and online publication of chapters remaining to be updated will be phased in over the next few weeks.
  
−
To access TFD online, you will need an online licence. To obtain this, go to  
+
To access PCT online, you will need an online licence. To obtain this, go to  
 
[https://www.khpplc.co.uk/ the publishers website] or email [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20online [email protected]] Licences for previous editions are not valid for the current edition.
 
[https://www.khpplc.co.uk/ the publishers website] or email [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20online [email protected]] Licences for previous editions are not valid for the current edition.
  
−
If you are an academic, student or other non-tax practitioner who wants access for research purposes, [mailto:kessler@kessler.co.uk?Subject=TFD%20online contact James Kessler]
+
If you are an academic, student or other non-tax practitioner who wants access for research purposes, [mailto:jkessler@15oldsquare.co.uk?Subject=TFD%20online contact James Kessler]
  
 
<big>'''How to login'''</big>
 
<big>'''How to login'''</big>
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Without logging in, you can access:
 
Without logging in, you can access:
  
−
Chapter A1 [[FIG Relief/Abolition of Domicile]]<br/>Chapter 1 [[Foreign Domicile: Tax Policy]]<br/>Chapter 2 [[Tax Avoidance]]
+
[[Introduction]]<br/>Chapter 1 [[Mobile Individuals: Tax Policy]]<br/>Chapter 2 [[Tax Avoidance]]
  
 
You enter this site once you have registered and [[Special:Userlogin| logged in]] by clicking on the index on the left, or you can search the text.
 
You enter this site once you have registered and [[Special:Userlogin| logged in]] by clicking on the index on the left, or you can search the text.
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<big>'''Comments please'''</big>
 
<big>'''Comments please'''</big>
  
−
Users can also [[contribute to the text]] and if you can add anything, or spot anything that needs to be corrected, please do!  A copy of the next edition of the book will be given to the user who makes the most edits.  User contributions are reviewed by [https://www.taxchambers.com/team/rebecca-sheldon/ Rebecca Sheldon].
+
Users can also [[contribute to the text]] and if you can add anything, or spot anything that needs to be corrected, please do!  A copy of the next edition of the book will be given to the user who makes the most edits.  User contributions are reviewed by [https://www.taxchambers.com/team/rebecca-sheldon/ Rebecca Sheldon]. PCT online is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki Wiki] on the lines of [http://en.wikipedia.org Wikipedia], but only registered users can edit the text.
  
 
<big>'''If you want further advice'''</big>
 
<big>'''If you want further advice'''</big>
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If you do not find the answer to your question here, or if you want advice on which you can legally rely, you may instruct James Kessler KC or other members of his chambers to advise.  See [[How to instruct James Kessler KC]].
 
If you do not find the answer to your question here, or if you want advice on which you can legally rely, you may instruct James Kessler KC or other members of his chambers to advise.  See [[How to instruct James Kessler KC]].
  
−
<big>'''Archive editions'''</big>
+
<big>'''Old editions archive'''</big>
  
 
There are [[archive editions]] for years since 2003/04.  These will be useful to investigate the tax position in earlier years, but the current edition will generally be the best starting point, as that has been written in the light of current HMRC guidance, and further thought and research.  
 
There are [[archive editions]] for years since 2003/04.  These will be useful to investigate the tax position in earlier years, but the current edition will generally be the best starting point, as that has been written in the light of current HMRC guidance, and further thought and research.  
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If you have technical problems, or problems logging in, [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20Technical%20query click here]
 
If you have technical problems, or problems logging in, [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20Technical%20query click here]
  
−
To contact James Kessler KC [mailto:kessler@kessler.co.uk?Subject=TFD%20online click here]
+
To contact James Kessler KC [mailto:jkessler@15oldsquare.co.uk?Subject=TFD%20online click here]
  
 
To contact Rebecca Sheldon, who reviews online contributions, [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20contact%20moderator%20request click here]
 
To contact Rebecca Sheldon, who reviews online contributions, [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20contact%20moderator%20request click here]
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For multiple user licences, or to install on a firm's intranet, [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20contact%20publisher%20request%20multiple%20user%20licences contact the publishers].
 
For multiple user licences, or to install on a firm's intranet, [mailto:[email protected]?Subject=TFD%20contact%20publisher%20request%20multiple%20user%20licences contact the publishers].
  
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<big>'''Technical notes'''</big>
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<big>'''Resource Archive'''</big>  
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TFD online is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki Wiki] on the lines of [http://en.wikipedia.org Wikipedia], but only registered users can edit the text.
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<big>'''TFD Resource Archive'''</big>  
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To access the TFD reference material, click here: [[TFD Resource Archive]]
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To access material referenced in PCT, click here: [[PCT Resource Archive]]

Latest revision as of 11:19, 20 April 2026

James Kessler's Private Client Taxation aims to set out a comprehensive discussion of private client taxation. Discussion includes:

  1. Income Tax, CGT and IHT on individuals and trusts
  2. The territorial limits of UK tax (now based on residence, situs and source)
  3. Other topics arising in this context, including tax avoidance, disclosure and compliance

This is a wide subject, or set of subjects, but in taxation, as in life, everything is connected.

PCT Online is the successor to Taxation of Non-Residents and Foreign Domiciliaries. The reforms of the FA 2025, which one might summarise as the abolition of domicile, required a new title. But the approach of this work is unaltered.

Contents

Update

Introduction
Dedication
Mobile Individuals Policy & Avoidance
1 Mobile Individuals: Tax Policy
2 Tax Avoidance
3 Targeted Anti-Avoidance Rules (TAARs)
Residence
4 Residence of Individuals
5 Residence of Trustees
6 Residence of Companies
7 Treaty-Residence
8 Split Years
9 Temporary Non-residence
10 Exit Taxes
11 UK Arrival or Departure: Tax Checklist
Income Tax: Principles
12 Income and its Categorisation
13 Source/Territorial Principles
14 Income Recognition: Receive/Entitled/Arise/Paid
FIG Relief: TRF & Former Remittance Basis
15 FIG Relief & Overseas Workday Relief
16 Temporary Repatriation Facility
17 The Remittance Basis
18 Remittance Reliefs
19 Mixed Funds
Income by Category
20 Trading Income
21 Cessations & Trading Stock
22 Trading in Land
23 Performers
24 Property Income
25 Deduction of interest from Property Income
26 Interest Income
27 Exempt Interest of Non-Residents
28 Accrued Income Profits
29 Deeply Discounted Securities
30 Dividend Income
31 Corporation Tax on Company Distributions
32 Annual Payments
33 Intellectual Property Income
34 Misc Sweep-Up Income
Employment Income
35 Employment Income
36 Travel Expenses
37 PAYE
38 Disguised Remuneration/Trading Income
39 Employment Income: DT Relief
40 Benefit in Kind: Family Home and Chattels
41 Loans from Companies
IT: General
42 Discretionary Trusts: Income Tax
43 IIP Trusts: Income Tax
44 Rates of Income Tax/CGT/CT
45 Personal Allowances
46 Non-Resident Income Tax Relief
47 National Insurance Contributions
IT Avoidance Codes
48 Settlor-interested Trust Code
49 Transfer of Assets Abroad: Introduction
50 Transfer of Assets Abroad: Transferors
51 Transfer of Assets Abroad: Benefits
52 Transfer of Assets Abroad: Relief from Overlapping Charges
53 Transfer of Assets Abroad: Motive Defence
54 Pre-2025 Protected Trust Income
55 Profit Fragmentation
56 Transfer of Income Streams
57 Transactions in Securities
Capital Gains Tax
58 Chargeable Gains
59 UK Property Held by Non-Residents
60 Hold-over Relief
61 Liquidation of Companies
62 Reorganisations
63 Residential Property: CGT
64 Gains of Non-Resident Settlor-Interested Trusts: s.86
65 Capital Payments from Non-Resident Trusts: s.87 Code
66 Borrowing by Non-Resident Trust: Sch 4B
67 Sub-Funds
68 Gains of Non-Resident Companies
69 Capital Losses
Funds
70 Funds: Terms & Concepts
71 Offshore Income Gains
72 Income from Offshore Funds
73 Unit Trusts & Transparent Funds
74 Life Policies and Contracts
75 Intermediated Securities
Investment Management
76 Investment Manager Exemptions
77 Carried Interest/Investment Management Fees: Introduction
78 Carried Interest
79 Investment Management Fees
Inheritance Tax
80 IHT Terms and Concepts
81 Normal Expenditure Relief
82 Excluded Property: Definition
83 Excluded Property Exemptions
84 Wills and IOVs
85 Reservation of Benefit
86 Inter-Trust Transfers: IHT
87 IHT Treatment of Debts
88 IHT Close-Company Code
89 IHT Residential-Property Code
90 Pre-Owned Assets
Partnerships
91 Partnerships
92 Partnership Income: Allocation
93 Salaried Members Code
94 Partnerships CGT
Entities
95 Settlement, Bare Trust, and Associated Terminology
96 Estates of Deceased Persons: CGT
97 Estates of Deceased Persons: Income Tax
98 Foreign Entities
99 Hybrid Entities
Pensions & Employment Benefit Trusts
100 Pension and Annuity Income
101 Employer-Financed Retirement Benefits Scheme
102 Pension IHT
Topics affecting more than one tax
103 Non-Resident Spouse
104 Joint Accounts
105 Foreign Currency Issues
106 Cryptoassets
107 Unremittable Assets
108 ATED and SDLT
109 Who is the Settlor?
110 Multiple Settlors
111 Statutory Tax Indemnities
112 Situs of Assets for IHT
113 Situs of Assets for CGT
114 Control Connected Close and Related Expressions
115 Participation, % Investment & Material Interest Tests
116 Permanent Establishment
Double Taxation Agreements: IT/CGT
117 Double Taxation Arrangements: Introduction
118 DTA Anti-abuse Rules
119 Third Party Relief/Savings Clause
120 Limitation on Benefits
121Credit for Foreign Tax
122 Non-discrimination
123 Mutual Agreement Procedure
Double Taxation Agreements: IHT
124 IHT Double Taxation Treaties: Introduction
125 IHT DTAs: India, Pakistan, Italy, France
126 IHT DTA: South Africa
127 IHT DTA: USA
128 IHT DTA: Netherlands
129 IHT DTA: Switzerland
130 Credit for Foreign IHT
Administration
131 Reporting and Compliance
132 Tax Return Filing Position
133 Claims
134 Collection of IT/CGT from UK Representatives
135 Collection of Tax Across Borders
136 Reporting and Compliance: IHT
137 Penalties
138 Failure to Prevent Tax Evasion
139 Reporting Offshore Trusts
140 International Movement of Capital: Reports
CRS & Money Laundering
141 Common Reporting Standard
142 Trust Registration (TRS)
143 Customer Due Diligence
144 Money Laundering: POCA


Appendices
Words & Concepts
Appendix 1 Words of Dispute
Appendix 2 Common Legal Expressions
Appendix 3 Family Terminology
Appendix 4 Share/Security Terminology
Appendix 5 Consideration, Arm's Length, Full Value
Appendix 6 Commercial/View to Profit
Appendix 7 Beneficial Ownership/Entitlement
Appendix 8 Domicile
Statutory Construction
Appendix 9 Construction of Tax Statutes
Appendix 10 Substance and Reality
Appendix 11 Deeming Provisions
Special Taxpayers
Appendix 12 Parliamentarians
Appendix 13 Visiting Forces
Appendix 14 Diplomats
Appendix 15 Sovereign Immunity
Appendix 16 Students and Teachers
Appendix 17 Continental Shelf
Tax Reform
Appendix 18 How to Improve Private Client Taxation
Appendix 19 Reform of Offshore Anti-Avoidance Law
Appendix 20 Citizenship-based Taxation
Appendix 21 The Wisdom of Parliament



2026/27 edition

The 2026/27 edition of Kessler on Private Client Taxation is now online. It has been substantially updated for the FA 2026 and other developments since last year, and online publication of chapters remaining to be updated will be phased in over the next few weeks.

To access PCT online, you will need an online licence. To obtain this, go to the publishers website or email [email protected] Licences for previous editions are not valid for the current edition.

If you are an academic, student or other non-tax practitioner who wants access for research purposes, contact James Kessler

How to login

Most of this site requires you to login. You may purchase a single or multiple user licence: To obtain these contact the publishers.

Without logging in, you can access:

Introduction
Chapter 1 Mobile Individuals: Tax Policy
Chapter 2 Tax Avoidance

You enter this site once you have registered and logged in by clicking on the index on the left, or you can search the text.

You need to register for the current edition. Registration for an earlier edition is no longer valid.

Comments please

Users can also contribute to the text and if you can add anything, or spot anything that needs to be corrected, please do! A copy of the next edition of the book will be given to the user who makes the most edits. User contributions are reviewed by Rebecca Sheldon. PCT online is a Wiki on the lines of Wikipedia, but only registered users can edit the text.

If you want further advice

If you do not find the answer to your question here, or if you want advice on which you can legally rely, you may instruct James Kessler KC or other members of his chambers to advise. See How to instruct James Kessler KC.

Old editions archive

There are archive editions for years since 2003/04. These will be useful to investigate the tax position in earlier years, but the current edition will generally be the best starting point, as that has been written in the light of current HMRC guidance, and further thought and research.

Contact

If you have technical problems, or problems logging in, click here

To contact James Kessler KC click here

To contact Rebecca Sheldon, who reviews online contributions, click here

For multiple user licences, or to install on a firm's intranet, contact the publishers.

Resource Archive

To access material referenced in PCT, click here: PCT Resource Archive

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